tuf&SfaveJY0if'D olwkdYaoukefNyD
b&kd'D pdwfat;at;xm;prf;
pdwfat;at;xm;&r,fvm; igwkdYrSm tcGihfta&;r&Sdawmhbl;
'Duae tckcsufcsif;tNrefxGufrSNzpfr,f
[ifhtif; igwkdYrxGufoGm;Ekdifbl;
ighnDrukdoGm;&Sm&r,f
[ihftif;
igawmh tckcsufcsif;oGm;awmhr,f
b&kd'D
b&kd'D NyefvmcJhprf;
b&kd'D
'DacG;rom;uawmh..
u'f
b,fvkdNzpfoGm;wmvJ
aus;Zl;
'DrSm
aus;Zl; a0gvfwm
rSwfrxm;eJYaemf
tm;vkH;aumif;ygw,f wm&m
odyfaumif;w,f
xyfvkyfvkdufMu&atmif
igwkdY tqkH;owfatmfoHukdenf;enf; NyifMur,f
odw,f odw,f
uGsefr wif;epfabmeJYNyóem&Sdaewmyg
tJh'gu pD*sDrSwfykHwifzkdYtwGufyg
tkdifAefeJY txl;NyKvkyfcsuform;awGNyD;&if wu,faMumufp&maumif;oGm;rSm
rif; ZmwfuGufykHMurf;awGMunfhcsifao;vm;
[ifhtif; &ygw,f
&SmawGYrSmyg
rif;awGYrSmyg [kwfw,faemf..
tkdau
tm;vkH; aemufwpfacgufNyefpr,f
uifr&meJYtoHtwGufNyefNznfhzkYdtcsdef 10 rdepf
wu,faNymwmyg
'D&kdufuGif;aemufrSmwpfa,mufxJvkyfwmNzpfNzpf odrf;wJhtcsdefNzpfNzpf ighpdwfxJrSmwpfrsdK;MuD;Nzpfwwfw,f
b,fvkdrsdK;vJ
wpfa,mufa,mufu apmifhMunfhaeovkdrsdK;
vm
'Dvkdum;rsdK;&kdufNyDqkd&if
xl;qef;awGuawmh NzpfwwfwmyJav
z&efYcfu 'DpwdwfMuD;u o&JaNcmufw,fvkdYxifaew,f wu,fwJh
igaNymwmu olwkdYodrf;qkd&if igtvkyfNyD;wmeJY xGufoGm;awmhr,fvdkYaNymwmyg
NrefNref
'Dvl aq;raomuf&ao;bl;xifw,f
b&kd'D NyefvmcJhprf;
'DacG;rom;
b&kd'D NyefvmcJhprf; 'DacG;rom;
[,fvkd
a[hvlawG
'g&,fp&mr[kwfbl;aemf
[m;[m; &,f&ygw,f
b,fol&SdvJ
igaNymaewm 'grsdK;yJav
yxrOD;qkH; 1927 rSmzGifhvTwfcJhw,f 'Dae&mu q,fpkESpf&SpfckavmuftqufrNywfvnfywfaewJhae&myJ
'Dae&mu ausmcsrf;zG,fNyyGJ &kyf&Sifum;ukd&kdufcJhwmav
'Dwpfcku pwma[mfvkd
'Dae&mu *Dvfrkd;olav;rsm; wDAGDZmwfvrf; &kduffwJh qufwif
uHaumif;&if o&kyfaqmifawGeJYawmif awGYEkdifao;w,f
'gc&D;qkH;wJhtxdvkdufpD;&atmif
'guawmh e,l;a,mufcf &dyfomvrf; tJh'DrSm vl;0pfeJYuvyfcf Zmwfvrf;wGJ&kdufcJhwm
qrfrD Munfhprf;
rufwfa'rGef
tif;
tJh'g rufwfa'rGefr[kwfwm aocsmygw,f
[kwfw,f
tif; rufwfa'rGefu wHNrufpnf;MuD;udkifNyD; vSJaea&mvm;
tif; olu o&kyfaqmifzkdYavhusifhaewm NzpfrSmaygh
[ifhtif; igawmhrxifygbl;
'Dbufukdvm
pwdwf 9 u[kdbufrSmxifw,f
vmprf;yg
'Dtwkdif;qufoGm;&atmif..
[ifhtif; vmcJh
igwkdYtvkyfvkyfzkdY&Sdw,f
*kdvD
rif; t,fvfatukdvmcsifw,fqkd
at; tvnftywfav
a&ul;uefawG rif;om;rif;orD;awG
tvkyfvkyfzkdYr[kwfbl;
tcku a&ul;&r,fh &moDvm; 'if;ef
uae'g&moDrsdK;Nzpfaewm..
tif;
igodygw,f ruf'DqifudpöNzpfNyD;wJhaemuf rif;enf;enf;yg;yg; tem;,lzkdYoifhw,fvkdY igxifvkdYyg
igtvkyfvkyfcsifwm 'if;ef
bmukdrSrawG;rdatmif tvkyfvkyfcsifwm
tkdau tkdau [kwfygNyD
tJh'D &kdufuGif;0efxrf;u bmvJ qufwifxJrSm aooGm;wmvm;
tGefvkdif;rSmawmh aumv[mvawGu awmrD;vkdNyefYaew,f
tJh'Dqufwifu o&JaNcmufw,fwJh
ykPÖu wkdufovkdrsdK;vm;
ykPÖu NzpfEkdifwmyJ
[ihftif; [ifhtif;
ykPÖu qkdwJhum;vm;
rif;u ukd,fhrsdK;EG,f,Ofaus;rItaMumif; bmrSrodbl; [kwfvm; 'if;ef
ykPÖu Zmwfum;&kdufuGif;u usdefpmoifhaew,fvkdYvlawGuaNymMuw,f olwkdYu wu,fhvl&kd;tppfawGokH;cJhwmwJh
o&kyfaqmifokH;a,mufavmuf tJh'DrSmaocJhw,f
tif; tJh'grsdK;aerSmaygh
tif; 'D&dkufuGif;0efxrf;a&m
olYemrnfb,folvJ
z&efYcf *sufaz;
rif;rSm t&m&Sd&DykdY 'grSr[kwf aopm&if;ygvm;
[ihftif; [ifhtif; 'gut,fvfatav
olYemrnftppfawmif [kwfcsifrS[kwfr,f
'gayr,fh olYukd&SmawGYwJhaumifrav;u wpfckck awGYvkdufw,f aysmufoGm;wJht&dyfta,mifwpfckwJh
aumifrav;emrnfu b,folvJ
wm&mbefcsav
wm&mbefcsavvm;
zD;,m;a'ghuGrf; &kyf&Sif wapäoabmf&kyf&Sifum;awGxJu wm&mbefcsavaemf
rif; apmapmu bmvkdYraNymwmvJ
rif;ua&m bmvkdY&kwfw&ufMuD;pdwfygoGm;wmvJ
igu olUY&kyf&SifawGMudKufwmyg
odyfaumif;w,f
[ifhtif; Munfhprf;
txifrvGJygeJY
'Dpwl'D,dku vlawGtm;vkH; wpfaeYwm &kdufuGufawGMudKufw,f igvJygw,f
'gayr,fh igpOf;pm;rdaewm..
enf;enf;ykd ta&mifawmufvkdY&OD;rvm;vkdY
ykdawmuf&r,f
tif; a*s; ta&mifrsm;rsm;eJYU
ruf*f igaNymwm rif;oabmaygufygw,f
'DudpöawGrSm q&mMuD;yJ
b&uf'f 'Dum;u o&Jum;aemf
o&Jum;qkdwkdif;arSmifae&r,fvkdYb,folaNymvJ
pdwf"mwfusp&maumif;w,fvkdY rif;rxifbl;vm;
wpfqdwfavmuf
tusDtpdrf;eJYaumif
tif; tif; rif;'DukdvmcJh
ighukd vSnf;qDu rpfcf&Sdwfcf0,fay;yg
b,fuae bm0,fay;&rSm
rif;u yDat av
'grif;vkyf&r,fhtvkyfyJ
tif; olu..
rpfcf&Sdwfcf wpfAl; vmr,faemf
yDatqkdwm bmudkaNymwmvJ
uGsef vkd[mrsdK;xifwmyJ
vlwkdif;ukd 'DtvkyfxJ0ifcGifhay;aewmyJaemf..
uJ tck vmprf;yg aysmfzkdYaumif;rSmyg qkdwJh tcef;uaeNyef&kdufMur,f
tuf&Sif
vmyg
aysmfzkdYaumif;rSmyg
bk&m;a& igeifhukdrkef;vkdufwm
u'f
odyfaumif;w,f
'Dawmh..
b,fae&mrSmrS tD;trftufzf rawGY&bl;
aumif;NyD
tck rif;b,fvkdxifvJ
iguawmh yDat tvkyfvkyf&wmraumif;bl;vkdYxifw,f
'gayr,fh 'DvlawGukdauGs;wmukdMunfhprf;
rif;aemufaewmaemf
'DrkefYawGukdMunfhprf;ygOD;
zDvD&JUcsdpftom;uif qif;'Gpfcsf tao;pm;awGvkdyJ
t&om&Sdw,f
aemufrS pm;r,f
tck aooGm;wJh&kdufuGif;0efxrf;taMumif; rif; bmodxm;vJ
z&efY*sufzfu 'DaeYtwGufyJtpm;0ifay;wm
'DuvlawGu olYudkodwJholr&Sdbl; b,fae&mrSm aevJqkdwmawmif rodMubl;
aumif;y
tck rif;odxm;wmvJ igodoavmufaygh
wu,faumif;w,f
em;axmifaemf
ig pawhcsf 9 eJYywfoufwJhorkdif;a[mif;awG ig&Smxm;w,f
NyD;cJhwJh ESpf &Spfq,ftwGif; 'DrSm vlav;a,mufaoxm;w,f ukd,fhukd,fukdowfaowmESpfck &,f rawmfwqNzpfwm ESpfck
olwkdYxJu b,folrqkduvJhpm; acscsifwJh0dOmOfNzpfaeEkdifw,f
tif;
'DxufykdNyD; tao;pdwfuszkdYyJvkdw,f
igvkyfxm;vkdufr,f
cifAsm; ukd'grsdK;wpfckay;&rSmvm;rodbl;
uGsefawmf bmvkyfvkdYvkyfaerdrSef;rodvkdY
yxrqkH;vkyfwmvm;
tif; uGsefawmfhtwGuftcGifhta&;MuD;yg
'DvkdaNymvkdYb,fvkdxifrvJawmhrodbl; 'gayr,fh uGsefawmfu y&dowfwpfa,mufyg
bl*Dref; xJuo&kyfaqmifuGufawG uGsefawmfoabmusw,f
tawmfqkd;wJh ZmwfnTef;yg
'gayr,fh aus;Zl;yJ
tif;
cifAsm; olYukd&SmawGYwmqkd
aooGm;wJhvlvm;
aqm&D;
cifAsm;vJ 'DtaMumif;aNymcsifr,frxifbl;
[ihftif; [ifhtif; &ygw,f
&dkufuGif;uvlawGu odyfNyD;tJh'DtaMumif; raNymMubl;
uGsefr pdwfaNcmufNcm;oGm;rSm olwkdY pkd;&drfw,feJYwlygw,f
tawmfaMumufp&maumif;rSmyJ
b,fvkdNzpfwmvJ
tawmfqkd;w,f
aoG;awG aoG;awG rsufvkH;xJu yg;pyfxJu pD;usaewm NyD;awmh..
uGsefr NrifvkdufwJh..
bmukdvJ
o@mefwpfckNrifvkdufw,f
trSefwkdif;aNym&&ifawmh uGsefrNrifwm bmrSef; rodygbl;
NrifvkdufwmyJ&Sdw,f
aus;Zl; a0:vfwm
tJh'D z&efYqkdwJhvl cifAsm;odvm;
aumif;aumif;awmh rodbl;
&,fp&myJ
&kdufuGif;uvlrSeforQ olYukd odwJhol r&SdovkdyJ
uGsefr rSm olYykH&Sdw,f
[kwfvm;
tif;
uGsefr tzGJYom;awGtm;vkH;udk "mwfykHavQmuf&kdufw,f
&kdufuGif;ay:rSm tcsdefNzKef;p&m'Denf;yJ&Sdw,fav
'DrSm
*sJ&ufpdefY*sdrf;
tif;
cifAsm; raoao;bl;yJ NyD;awmh z&ef*sufzfqkdwmvJ cifAsm;r[kwfbl;
r[kwfbl;
cifAsm;u uEÅm&ppfom; eHygwfav;twGJrSmygw,fr[kwfvm;
[kwfw,f
cifAsm;udk tJh'gaMumifhrSwfrdaewm
uGsefawmfu y&dowfwpfa,mufyg
cifAsm; c&pfwm 3 xJu0efcsDpufydwJholae&m..
uJ 0ifMuav
aus;Zl;
tif; tJh'g y&kd*sLqmawGav
olwkdYu ighukd z&efYae&mu o&kyfaqmifzkdY aeYpm;iSm;wm
cifAsm; aocsifa,mifaqmifzkdYtwGuf
o&JaNcmufwJh &kdufuGif;taMumif;aumv[mvawGu
emrnfNzefYenf;wpfrsdK;yJav txl;oNzifho&Jum;rSmaygh tckqkd tifwmeufay:rSmNyefYaeNyD
tif; uGsefawmfwkdYodygw,f
'Dacwfu rD'D,mtopfawGav aumv[mvzefwD;&w,f
olwkdYu ighukdtxD;usefrdef;uav; vufopfvkdYaNymw,f
b,fol..
NyD;awmh wm&mNrifvkdufwJh wapäqkdwmu..
tJh'g y&kd*sufwmeJYvkyfwmyg
olwkdYacgif;xJukd 'DvkdtawG;awGxnfhay;wm
&ufpuf&mrusbl;vm;
igu o&kyfaqmif&kHoufoufyJav
ZmwfnTef;a&;wmrS r[kwfwm
'geJY
ig ukdpwmrDqmrSmvkyfr,fh npmpm;yGJeJYNyZmwf ta&mif;orm;rSm 0DvDtNzpf o&kyfaqmifrSm
'DulyGefeJYtom;uiftvum;&r,f
aeygOD;
cifAsm;ukd vlNrifuGif;rSmNrif&&if aumv[mvukd ysufpD;oGm;rapEdkifbl;vm;
rif;uvJ
z&efYeJY 0DvDqkdwm vkH;0rwlwJhZmwfaumifawGyg
aus;Zl;yg rpöwm pdeYf*sdrf;pf
uGsefawmfwkdY pdwf0ifpm;rdoGm;vkdYyg
cifAsm; bmrSrNzpfwm 0rf;omygw,f
ti;f
'gaygh
'geJYar;&OD;r,f
cifAsm; &pfcswfrkd;eJYwGJvkyf&wm oabmusvm;
rDw,fvfpwkef;uav
qkdufuvkyfawG&JU bk&iftNzpfo&kyfaqmifwm
vlMuD;vlaumif;ygyJ
[kwfvm;
tom;uifaemf
igwkdY [kdpmtkyfxJu[mawG&Gwfvkdufawmh olwkdYawGukd i&Ju Nyefac:ovkdNzpfoGm;wmNzpfvdrfhr,f
tck olwkdYu igwkdYukdokH;NyD;awmh..
'gta&;rMuD;bl;
igwkdY 0if'DeJYolYnDrukdrawGYrcsif;roGm;bl;
[kwfNyDvm;
aumif;NyD
tck tvkyfpvkduf&atmif
u'f
toHtwGufraumif;bl;
'DukdwkYHNyefoHawG0ifaew,f
aemufwpfcg xyfukefOD;r,f
[kwfNyD toHzrf;zkdYaemufwpfacgufxyfpr,f
[ifhtif; wu,faumif;wJhZmwfuGufyg
'gayr,fh..ighrSm..
Nyóemr[kwfbl;aemf.. r&Sif;wmav;awG&Sdao;w,f
b,fvkdrsdK;vJ
wpfckuawmh tJh'DxJu pnf;rsOf;awGukd odyfem;rvnfbl;
'Duav;awGu..vufwif*gxm&Gwfvkdufw,f 'Dawmh o&Jay:vmw,f
tif;
wu,fvkdY o&JawGu i&JNynfuqkd olwkdY tJh'D*gxm&GwfoHukdb,fvkdMum;EkdifwmvJ
olwkdYrSm txl;em;Mum;pepf&Sdvm;
'gavmh*spfoabmyg
'Dpnf;rsOf;u odyfenf;rusovkdyJ
rmwD rif;u pma&;q&mav
enf;enf; &Sif;Nyay;ygvm;
tif; tJh'gqkd ykdaumif;wmaygh
cPaemf rufaqhcsfoGm;zwfOD;r,f
rufpD*sD NrifNyD;NyDvm;
wukd,fvkH;aq;okwfxm;wmawmh oabmusygw,f tNzLeJYtrnf;..
'gayr,fh 'Dvnfyif;'Pf&mawGu uifr&mrSm ay:r,frxifbl;
xyfeDzkdYvkdao;w,f
igaNymwm oabmaygufvm;
a*s
ig rdwfuyform;awGeJYtckpum;aNymcsifw,f
tif;
aeOD;
igwkdYpmtkyfxJuae zwfvkdufawmh olwkdYawGukd i&JuNyefac:vkdufovkdNzpfoGm;wmNzpfr,f
ig em;rvnfbl;
olwkdYu i&JrSmqkd&ifigwkdYpum;oHukd olwkdY b,fvkdMum;&vJ
olwkdYrSm txl;em;Mum;pepf&SdvkdYNzpfr,f
0if'D
rpfcsf
eifraobl;aemf
ighudk'DavmufvG,fvG,f &Sif;ypfvkdYr&bl;av
0kef;0kef; Nrnfvmr,f
qm;
igwkdYqm;vkdw,f
pmtkyfxJurSm o&Juqm;udkaMumufw,fvkdY igawGYxm;w,f
uif'&m vkd*ef taemufbufukdMunhf
'Daumifu ukd,fhukd,fukd wu,fowfaooGm;wm
igwkYd&kdufuGif;ydwfvkdufzkdYroifhbl;vm;
olYtwGuf reufpmpm;wJhtcsdefrSm NidrfoufaeNyD;NyDav
olu pwl'D,kdu aumifyg
igeifhukdcspfw,f
igodw,f
igpdwfraumif;ygbl;
cPem;vkdY&rvm;
tif; &w,f
u'f
u'fatmfaew,f
u'fqkdwmu igwpfa,mufwnf;aNymcGifh&Sdwmaemf
a[h b,fvkdvJ
uGsefr enf;enf;pdwfvIyf&Sm;aewkef;yJ
tckNzpfaewJhudpöawGeJY rif;ukdb,folu tNypfwif&ufrSmvJ..
uGsefr 'kdif,mavmhcfawGukd acgif;xJ xnfhvkdYr&bl;vm;
qm; wJh enf;enf;raygbl;vm;
o&Ju bmvkdYqm;udkaMumuf&rSmvJ
tkdau..
rmwD b,fvkdxifvJ
qm;ukdoabmrusbl;
bmvkdcsifvJ
yg;pyfuaNymvkdYaumif;wmrsdK;vkdcsifwmvm;
enf;enf;uGJNym;wm ykdraumif;bl;
wpfNcm; o&JaMumufEkdifwm bm&Sdao;vJ
vm aemufaewmvm;
o&JaMumufEkdifwm bm&Sdao;vJ
aNymif;wkdaoewf
tJh'g qm;xufawmifykdqkd;ao;w,f
'DaumifawGu t&l;awGyJ
a0gvfwmu yDatNzpfNyD; pdwfqwfw,faemf
'DrSm taNctaeb,fvkdvJ
aumif;ygw,f wm&m o&kyfaqmifwmykdaumif;vmw,f todrSwfOmPfaMumifhNzpfr,f
todrSwfOmPf
tif;
'if;ef ig'DrSmtaNctaeb,fvkdvJvkdYrif;udkar;wm ig trIudpöaNymaewm..
ig'DrSm wu,ftvkyfrvkyfbl;aemf
NyD;awmh rif;yDatvkyf&wm rMudKufbl;qkd..
raNymwwfbl;
'Davmufawmhrqkd;ygbl;
ighukd,fig wpfzGJYwnf;om;vkdYxifvmw,f
aumif;om;yJ
wuGDwkd
t&rf;aumif;w,f
[ihftif;
em;axmif
ig &ifcGJ&kHukdoGm;NyD;NyD
owif;ydkYcsufawGu trSefyJ
- b&ufu wu,faooGm;wm
&w,f
aqm&D; bmvJ
&w,f..
bmaNymvkdufw,f
owif;ykdYcsufawGrSefw,f
b&ufu aooGm;NyD
olwkdYodygw,f
b,fol odwmvJ
aqm&D;
rif; bmaNymaewmvJ..
owif;pmawGrSma&;wmrSefw,fvkdYaNymwm
b&ufaooGm;NyD
tJh'gudk ar;p&mrvkdbl;
igwkdY rNyefao;wm rSefw,f
'DudkvmOD;
igrif;udkay;em;axmifp&mwpfck&Sdw,f
&w,f
tckvmcJhr,f
a'Ahf
cke uGsefawmfhukdzGifhNywJh[m NyefzGifhay;vkdY&rvm;
&w,fav
aus;Zl;
udpör&Sdygbl;
igwkYd0if'DeJYolYnDrukdrawGYrcsif; 'Du roGm;Ekdifbl;
oabmaygufvm;
aumif;NyD
tck tvkyf&Iyfvkduf&atmif..
tD;AGDyD
b&uf pwdwfig;rSmckefcsoGm;wJhnu[m
&kwfw&ufMuD; vQyfppfoHvkdufvIdif;awG vmzrf;rdw,f
tckawmh wapäaNcmufw,fqkdwm aocsmoGm;NyD
'gNzifh b,folYwapävJ 'if;ef
olu bmvkdcsifwmvJ
igwkdY b&ufaocJhwmudkNyefNyD;Munfh&ifaumif;r,f
rif; tJh'D 'DAGD'Db,fu&wmvJ
'g aeYpOfrSwfwrf;vkdYac:w,f
ig pif'DqDu&wm
olu tJh'gawGudkodrf;xm;wwfw,f
ighukd aumfyDwpfckyGm;ay;w,f
ol trkd;ukdazmufNyD;usvmwm 'DrSm
tif;
[kwfNyD 'DrSm
olwkdYrSm txl;tMum;tm&kH&SdwmNzpfr,f
a[h aeOD;
aemufNyefoGm;
tJh'gNyD;&if..NyD;&if.. tJh'DrSm
aeOD;
'DrSm
a,mufsm;okH;a,mufeJY uav;okH;a,mufZmwfum;xJuvkdyJ
qJvufcf 'efqifeJY *lwefbmhcsfav uav;ae&muawmh b,fol o&kyfaqmifvJ igrodbl;
rif;aNymcsifwm bmvJ
tJh'DxJu ZmwfuGufwpfckrSm wapäykH&dyfuifr&mxJrSm ay:vmw,fqkdwJh tcef;ygw,f
'Dawmh 'DZmwfuGufawG&JUaemufcHrSm..b,folrS rrSwfrdvkdufwJhaumifav;wpfa,mufygaew,f
0dOmOf"mwfykH
olYukdigNrifzl;w,f
'DrSmMunfh
tif; tkdZDukdoGm;
wm&mtay:rSmvJ 20 r&Sdbl;
olu 10-100 xifw,f
tdkau owif;&w,f
aqm&D;
rif; bmawGaNymaewmvJ
tJvpfpf'&rfrGef;..30 NynhfvGefawGwkef;u emrnfMuD;rif;orD;
pwl'D,dk refae*smeJYZmwfvrf;Nzpfw,f
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